山羊下痢病因診斷 Diagnosis of cause of diarrhoea in goats

o  許多原因會造成山羊下痢 Many causes of diarrhoea in goats

o  通常為寄生性腸胃炎 Parasitic gastroenteritis is very common

o  當山羊大於4週齡 ，可優先考慮寄生蟲感染 Rule parasites out first, as a cause of diarrhoea in goats >4 weeks old

o  當山羊小於4週齡，優先考慮新生仔羊下痢症 Rule out causes of neonatal diarrhoea in kids <4 weeks old

飼養過程 History

o  畜群下痢比例　How many (% of herd) have diarrhoea?

o  其他臨床症狀　Other clinical signs?

o  日齡與性別影響?仔羊或成羊Age and sex affected? Kids, adults?

o  是否有動物死亡？幾頭死亡？　Have any goats died? How many? 

o  近期是否改變飼養管理方式　Any management changes made recently?

o  羊採食的飼料或牧草為何？　What are the goats eating/grazing?

o  是否誤食有毒或有害植物？Access to any poisons/poisonous plants?

o  最後一次投藥驅蟲為何時？When was the last anthelmintic drench given?

o  投予驅蟲藥為何種類型？What product/drench was given?

o  投藥劑量是否正確？How was the dose calculated?

o  投藥驅蟲後動物圈養的場所？Where were the goats put following drenching?

臨床症狀  Clinical findings

o 全身性疾病？　Systemic disease?

o 精神不濟？停止採食？　Depression? Not eating?

o 腹部疼痛？　Abdominal pain?

o 失重？生長不良？　Weight loss? Ill-thrift?

o 脫水？評估嚴重程度　Dehydration? Assess severity

o 鄂下水腫如瓶狀顎？　Submandibular oedema "bottle jaw"?

o 尾巴沾黏糞便？　Faeces stuck to the tail?

o 黏膜蒼白？　Pale mucous membranes?

o 糞便外觀?顏色變化？是否血便？　Appearance of faeces? Colour? Blood in faeces?

採樣 Samples

o  病羊需採樣並經由檢驗室確認病因Need laboratory tests on samples taken from affected goats to confirm a diagnosis

o  動物經治療後有好轉表示診斷正確Response to treatment indicates correct diagnosis

樣品最低需求量 Dminimum samples

o  採集10頭以上的山羊糞便（20g/頭或10至15粒糞便） Faeces from 10 goats (20g/animal or 10 to 15 pellets)

l  使用無菌塑膠容器　Use sterile plastic containers

l  無菌塑膠袋於標示後需排除空氣及密封以避免蟲卵孵化　

l  If using plastic bags, exclude air to inhibit hatching of parasite larvae, label, seal bags

l  若無法於12小時內送達檢驗室，樣品需冷藏

l  Refrigerate if not being submitted to laboratory within 12 hours of collection

l  需於48小時內送達檢驗室

l  Submit to laboratory within 48 hours of collection

o  使用含抗凝血劑採血管收集血液，做血檢  Blood in EDTA for haemogram

基本檢驗需求 Minimum tests to request

o  糞便蟲卵計數、孵化與鑑別品種Faecal egg counts, larval culture and identification

o  糞便抹片－鑑識球蟲、隱胞子蟲或梨型鞭毛蟲Faecal smears - examination for coccidia, cryptosporidia, giardia

o  細菌培養－大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、產氣莢膜菌Bacterial culture – E coli, Salmonella spp, Clostridial spp

o  檢測輪狀病毒（電子顯微鏡） Tests for Rotavirus (Electron Microscopy)

o  血紅素與血容積比（貧血） Hb and PCV (anaemia)

進階檢驗 More tests

o  檢驗結果可顯示是否需再作額外檢驗之項目Test results may indicate more tests need to be done eg.

l  抗驅蟲藥性測試　A drench resistance test

Ø  總寄生蟲計數　Total worm count

ü  採集結紮的皺胃與小腸，標示並冷藏Tie off abomasum, small intestine,  label and chill

Ø  微生物監測　Microbiology

ü  採集結紮後的上、中、下段小腸與結腸 Tied off portions of upper, middle, lower small intestine, colon

ü  各部位至於單獨無菌容器標示並冷藏      Place samples in a separate sterile container, label, chill

l  剖檢或採樣　Necropsy and samples collected for:

ü  迴盲、腸系膜淋巴結       Ileocaecal, mesenteric lymph nodes

ü  由盲腸和結腸採集糞便抹片　Faecal smears from mucosa of caecum and colon

ü  對皺胃、十二指腸、空腸、迴腸、盲腸、結腸或任何病變部位製作組織切片 Histopathology-fixed abomasum, duodenum, jejenum, ileum, caecum, colon, and any organs with lesions